Teaching French in Amapá becomes especially relevant due to the border position with French Guiana and the importance of the language for regional integration and socioeconomic interactions. However, it faces significant challenges such as poor infrastructure, scarcity of teaching resources, lack of qualified teachers, inadequate teaching methods and limited language immersion experiences. The objective of this study is to propose a bill that strengthens the teaching of French, promoting plurilingual, inclusive and quality education aligned with the educational, economic and social needs of the state. This qualitative research combined bibliographic and documentary analysis, with questionnaires applied to managers, teachers, and students in 7 schools in the cities of Macapá, Santana and Oiapoque, to prepare a content analysis that identified the main challenges and opportunities for teaching of the language. As a product, a Bill is proposed to establish, among other specific public policies, the mandatory provision of French in secondary education and the possibility of offering it in primary education, and the search for partnerships with French institutions. It is concluded that teaching French goes beyond the acquisition of linguistic skills, serving as an instrument to promote cultural understanding. It is recognized that implementing these measures requires collaboration between governments, educational institutions, teachers, students, and the community. Therefore, it is urgent and relevant to develop and implement policies that strengthen French teaching in Amapá, valuing local sociocultural aspects and contributing to the region's development.

The environment as a study problem is a social phenomenon subject to analyticaldiscursive explanations and assumptions. In border areas, one of the major objects of study established in internationalist studies is the management of cross-border waters, since all problems that occur there will be shared and will have to have equally shared responses, such as solid waste management. On the border between Brazil and France, the Oiapoque River is the divider between both along 690 km. Therefore, the basin of that river is the linking element between the various environmental components of that border zone and whose responses to its management need to be shared. The objective of this work is to propose guidelines, procedures and actions for the treatment and control of pollution by solid waste in the Oiapoque River. This research is an exploratory case study with an emphasis on bibliographical and documentary research, and on field work, supported by theoretical discussion based on the references of International Relations and Political and Environmental Geography. The work is divided into four parts: the first is an analysis of the progress of international discussions about water governance, mainly the policies adopted by Brazil and France; the second comprises the characteristics and dynamics that occur in the Oiapoque River; the third identifies the main types of pollution by solid waste in the Oiapoque River; and the last one proposes necessary measures to protect, recover and promote the quality of the water resource in an integrated way.

KEYWORDS: Border; Transboundary Water Resources; Environmental management; Solid Waste.

Regarding the context from which the indigenous movement emerged in Brazil, this technical report aimed to inquire the way national indigenous policies have been reflected in the local context, with the creation of the Organization of Indigenous Teachers of the County of Oiapoque (Opimo) and the proposals which transformed the perspective of indigenous teacher training in Amapá, with the Intercultural Indigenous Degree Course (CLII) on the binational campus of Unifap. Hence, the methodology used was of a qualitative and exploratory approach and of the documentary type, with the use of primary sources: legislation regarding Indigenous School Education, the Messenger Newspaper (Jornal Mensageiro), the Statute of OPIMO, the Pedagogical Project of the Intercultural Indigenous Degree Course ( PPC) from 2005 and 2019, as well as two documents from the Indigenous Missionary Council, the 2009 Pastoral Plan and the 2014 Manifesto on Indigenous School Education in Brazil. The work was carried out in two stages: survey of sources and cataloging of relevant information to the research and, later, the confrontation of these data and the reality of Oiapoque indigenous schools. The assumptions of this study indicate that the model of “school for the Indians” implemented by the State, as a way to “Brazilize” and integrate the indigenous populations into the nation, was replaced by the “school for the Indians”, which has been claimed by the indigenous movement, since the 1980s. The “Indian school” gained legal support in the 1980s, however, the specific and differentiated, bilingual and intercultural indigenous school, as provided for in the Opimo Statute and the legislation established by the Brazilian State, continues to be a cause of indigenous struggle of the country, since the law does not guarantee its effectiveness. However, Opimo's struggle brought about significant changes in the training of indigenous teachers in Amapá, through CLII with an intercultural perspective, which reflected in the education of indigenous schools in Oiapoque, providing improvements in the curriculum and the teaching-learning process.

Key-words: Organization of Indigenous Teachers of Oiapoque. Indian School. Interculturality

Los Centros de Lucha contra la Trata de Personas se convierten en instituciones importantes en la lucha contra la red del crimen organizado que opera en la frontera, no sólo por operar en la línea preventiva, y en la garantía de los derechos humanos, sino también en la asistencia a las personas que han pasado por la frontera. frontera experiencia traumática de ser objeto de trata. Reflexionando y analizando la problemática que envuelve el tema en mención, se llegó a la base del objetivo de esta investigación, que pretende analizar la efectividad de la actuación del Núcleo de Atención y Combate a la Trata de Personas en la frontera de Amapá en la período comprendido entre 2012 y 2022 En concreto, se realizaron tres actuaciones vinculadas al objeto de estudio: 1) Descripción de los elementos que componen la trata de personas en frontera; 2) Relevamiento de acciones y actividades desarrolladas por el Centro de Lucha contra la Trata de Personas en relación con las zonas de frontera; y 3) Mapeo de acciones, proyectos y actividades realizadas por el centro de Amapá en el período 2012 a 2022, con énfasis en el contexto situacional del centro de Amapá, con el fin de presentar sugerencias estratégicas para el combate a la trata de personas en Amapá. Para lograr el objetivo del estudio, metodológicamente, se adoptó un conjunto de investigaciones exploratorias, bibliográficas, documentales y de campo. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la técnica de la entrevista y el uso de un cuestionario dirigido a los trabajadores del núcleo en Amapá. En el enfoque analítico, se aplicó la investigación cualitativa. Entre los resultados alcanzados, se destaca la situación crítica de desmantelamiento y retroceso del núcleo en Amapá, que dejó de ser una gestión y pasó a ser un proyecto, perdiendo su autonomía. La existencia de una plantilla mínima de 03 empleados, para quienes sería humanamente imposible dar cuenta de toda la demanda generada en el estado, especialmente por las frágiles condiciones de sus fronteras identificadas como ruta para la trata de personas. La inercia del estado de Amapá en la implementación de la política de lucha contra la trata de personas, aspecto que se destaca en las zonas fronterizas. Los escenarios coyunturales presentados en la investigación nos llevan a concluir que es urgente trabajar en acciones para la revitalización del núcleo en Amapá, solo así Amapá podrá asumir su rol y responsabilidad en la aplicabilidad de la política de combate trata de personas, haciendo valer los principios de los derechos humanos.

Palabras clave: Tráfico de Personas. borde. Política de afrontamiento

The growing concern about the effects of human activities on nature has emphasized that any development strategy must adopt sustainable practices, promoting economic growth without accentuating environmental degradation and valuing socio-environmental diversity to improve the lives of the local population, especially in the Amazon. The geopolitical perspective also suggests that location and particular ambitions shape views of the use and management of natural elements, so the development of a techno-ecological frontier has been advocated as the most appropriate way to achieve strategic development goals and to ensure that the sustainable use of nature generates benefits for Amazonian populations. However, there is a lack of an integrated way to check how the research field aligned with the techno-ecological vector has been developed in Amapá, identifying main themes, authors, institutions and municipal locations of productions. Therefore, characterized as an exploratory-descriptive research with concomitant mixed methods techniques, the study is based on the bibliographic review of concepts related to the techno-ecological frontier in geopolitics, on documents and academic productions on the socio-environmental and scientific structures of Amapá, and on the bibliometric analysis of open access articles published between 2000 and 2020 in order to develop an overview of investigations regarding the technical-scientific use of the Amapá environment. Using the Canvas methodology, the results were organized in the Amapá Techno-ecological Frontier (FrontecAP) analysis platform, with the aim of developing a tool that gathers and integrates systematized information and thus can contribute to the foundation and improvement of investigations and public policies for the development of Amapá. This technical report describes the design and development of the platform, and also exposes the main results of the systematic survey: aligned with the axes of Biotechnology, Renewable Energy, Socio-environmental Management or Environmental Management, 367 articles were retrieved, presented through interactive visualizations in the platform, indicating that the main investigations refer to the themes of environmental management and socio-environmental management, and that the context of the search for sustainable development solutions offers many possibilities for the state, but there must be the support of public policies that value a more socially and environmentally responsible project and that carry out the proper management of the territories. Validation with users indicated that there is great potential for the platform to function as a support tool for the rapid and centralized availability of data regarding thematic scientific production on the state, in an interactive and intuitive environment - which can be accessed via https://linktr.ee/frontecap.

KEYWORDS: techno-ecological frontier; environmental geopolitics; sustainable development; Amapa; bibliometrics

This dissertation aims to analyze the technical cooperation between Brazil (its subnational or non-central governments) and the countries of the Guyana region (French Guiana, Suriname and Guyana) in the Diplomatic or Paradiplomatic scope. This research is justified by the need to understand how Paradiplomacy is developed in the Guiana Region; checking the last five acts celebrated between Brazil (Amapá) and the countries that constitute the Guyana region; comparing the bodies responsible for their local development. The work is based on the hypothetical-deductive method, and will be presented in a descriptive way, the need to survey and analyze the data referring to the agreements previously celebrated between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the other countries of the Guyana Region. However, the present research can also be considered exploratory, given that it also intends to carry out the improvement and exploration of the aforementioned data collected on specific sites relevant to the subject in question; it is intended to demonstrate the difficulties encountered by the population in general and also in the face of the conclusion of new agreements. The results obtained show that there are technical cooperation established, however, many others involving sectors or sensitive areas could be implemented, for instance, the oil area.

PALAVRA-CHAVE EM INGLÊS: Brazil; Technical Cooperation; Guyana’s Region; Diplomacy; Paradiplomacy.

This Technical Report represents the result of research carried out with professionals responsible for transferring people on the water border between the twin cities, Oiapoque and Saint-Georges. For these workers, this routine is crucial to earning an income. The general objective of the investigation was to understand the perspective of the catraieiros in relation to the inauguration of the binational bridge. Therefore, the main question was: what is the perception of the catraieiros about the impacts caused by the binational bridge? The hypothesis: although the opening of the bridge did not immediately make the professional life of the catraieiros unfeasible, it changed their perspective of future work, which makes the need for the labor market an imperative for professional practice. The methodology consisted of data collection supported by a qualitative approach, literature review, primary and secondary sources available on the internet and the semi-structured interview that was decisive for the analysis of the results. For the catraieiros, the liberation of the Franco-Brazilian Binational Bridge built from bilateral agreements between Brazil and France, reduced the flow of travel and passengers by water. In addition, during the research, a new variable emerged: the pandemic caused by COVID-19. Social isolation caused the total closure of borders between cities, directly affecting the family income of catraieiros.

KEYWORDS: Bilateral Agreements. Binational Bridge. Catraieiros. Pandemic

Ce rapport technico-scientifique traite de la nécessité de promouvoir un plan de mise en œuvre des politiques linguistiques à L’Oiapoque-AP, compte tenu de la réalité frontalière entre Amapá-BR et Guyane française-FR. Ainsi, à l'initiative de ces politiques, dans la région frontalière visée, l'objectif de ce travail est de présenter une proposition pour la création d'un agenda d'aménagement linguistique, centré sur le français langue étrangère (FLE). Cette planification est intitulée "Agenda FLE" et vise à appeler le gouvernement municipal d'Oiapoque-AP, par l'intermédiaire de son ministère de l'Éducation, à coordonner l'élaboration d'une proposition pédagogique et curriculaire pour l'enseignement de la langue française dans les écoles de cette municipalité, ayant comme point de départ la législation locale, à travers la loi 260/2005. La loi actuelle rend obligatoire l'enseignement de la langue française dans les écoles de ces municipalités, dès l'Éducation préscolaire, ainsi que pour les Écoles élémentaires I et II et l'Éducation des jeunes et des adultes (EJA). Cependant, malgré la législation, le réseau municipal d'éducation d'Oiapoque-AP, ne dispose toujours pas de sa propre matrice curriculaire pour l'enseignement de la langue française dans ses écoles, tant à la campagne qu'en milieu urbain. Par conséquent, la planification d'une proposition de programme d'études à travers l'Agenda FLE est justifiée, comme moyen de consolider le dispositif normatif de la ville et de l'élaboration et de la mise en œuvre de cette proposition pédagogique-curriculaire, il y aura alors un instrument pour améliorer le processus d'enseignement. / l'apprentissage du français langue étrangère (FLE), sous l'angle des politiques linguistiques, en contexte frontalier.

Mots-clés: Planification. Politiques linguistiques. Loi 260/2005. Proposition de cursus. Frontière.

Amapá and French Guiana submit a connection that goes beyond the delimitation of their respective borders. Represented by France and Brazil, the two territories share many experiences, in several aspects, over the years. In the course of this work, we sought to show how imbricated both are and how language plays its fundamental role in this relationship. For this purpose, it is proposed the elaboration of a blog to be used as a didactic tool in schools of the State Education, since the French Language course is not covered by the National Book and Teaching Material Program and, consequently, does not have a textbook to be used in the classroom by teachers and students during the school year. The digital tool t hand will work as a database where texts and activities will be hosted online and free of charge that can be used by teachers and students during French Foreign Language classes. The material elaborated includes, at this first moment, the contents of the 6th year of Elementary School.

Keywords: linguistic policies; blog; french foreign language.

O estudo desenvolvido para a construção de um diagnóstico sobre a realidade do ensino de química nas escolas públicas de ensino médio localizadas na zona de fronteira setentrional do Estado do Amapá com a Guiana Francesa e da produção de tutoriais de ensino para a sua utilização nas escolas desta região partiu de uma série de indagações que nortearam a produção de uma dissertação: qual é a realidade do ensino de química das escolas públicas localizadas na zona de fronteira do estado do Amapá com a Guiana Francesa? Como é realizado o trabalho do professor nestas escolas, diante dos altos índices de evasão escolar e de reprovação nas disciplinas das ciências exatas e naturais? Que estratégias são utilizadas pelos professores para a melhoria do ensino e da aprendizagem de química? Com o objetivo de responder a esta temática e, ao mesmo tempo, ter subsídios para a construção do diagnóstico, foi realizada em 2021 uma pesquisa de campo que teve como alvo 09 professores de química e 270 alunos – 30 por escola – de escolas localizadas nos oito municípios situados na zona de fronteira. A partir da realização de uma pesquisa de abordagem quanti-qualitativa, foram realizadas nas escolas-campo as entrevistas semiestruturadas com os professores e a aplicação de questionário on-line na plataforma Google Forms© para os alunos, com a finalidade de traçar um quadro sobre o ensino de química nestes lugares. Foi diagnosticado que existe uma significativa apatia dos alunos com relação aos conteúdos trabalhados na disciplina em virtude de a mesma ser trabalhada no modelo tradicional – quadro, giz, livro didático e apostilas – e de considerada pouco estimulante, ao passo que os professores apontam como fator principal o baixo investimento governamental nas escolas, tanto para a compra de equipamentos de aulas práticas quanto de financiamento de projetos e a precarização do trabalho como motivos para o fracasso escolar nestas instituições. No sentido de melhorar a qualidade da educação, foi apresentado um conjunto de quatro tutoriais voltados para o ensino da química que se utilizam de elementos que fazem parte da rotina dos alunos, com vistas à busca de novas e envolventes metodologias que possibilitem a participação dos alunos nas aulas e da formação continuada dos professores, tornando, a partir da utilização das metodologias ativas, o ensino de química atraente e dinâmico para conceitos complexos. 

The açaí production chain in the Amazon region has presented important transformations in the last two decades that have contributed to altering socioeconomic relations, inserting new agents and crossing economic and cultural boundaries. This dissertation approached such transformations through the analysis of the cross-border process of the fruit through its insertion in the global value chain (GVC). In Amapá, participation in the CGV is directly linked to the presence of an açaí exporting company in the state, which maintains direct relations with extractive producers. In the case of this research, the relationship with the riverside community of Foz do Mazagão Velho was investigated. The main objective was to understand how cross-border relationships were established and how this açaí was presented to meet world market conveniences. To carry out the research, the methodology used was bibliographic research, scientific and journalistic articles, content analysis of digital sites, public documents and advertising material in marketing. Questionnaire in unidentified forms and conversation circles with community leaders, extractivists and representatives of the exporting company. The results achieved allow us to point out that the direct consequences of the appreciation of açaí in national and international markets lead to the formation of new economic frontiers for the açaí chain, to changes in the behavior and standard of living of the social actors involved in the production base and the a cultural resignification of açaí for non-Amazonian spaces.

KEYWORD: Açaí production chain, cultural resignification, economic frontiers.

The general objective of this dissertation is to analyze if the city of Oiapoque-AP has a border urban-diversity. This research is justified by the need to understand if there is such a diverse urban in this municipality. The work is based on the method of historical and dialectical materialism, using the following methodological procedures: bibliographic review of theoretical and conceptual nature, categories and notions pertinent to the theme in question; non-participant observation; interviews, with semi-structured questions to residents of the city of Oiapoque; and analysis and systematization of the data collected, the observation in loco. This research is qualitative in nature. It intends to demonstrate the relation of this urban diversity with cultural identity, since the border is not presented only in its geographical aspect, but also in its cultural and social one, since the population itself will be the protagonist of the research. Thus, this border was approached not as something immobile, but as an element that aggregates culture, builds social relations, and influences collective behavior. The results obtained show that the notion of urban-diversity can be easily observed in the researched border, which makes it, in fact, a differential in relation to other border locations. The idea is to visualize this urban diversity in the daily life of the border, since it goes beyond the established geographical limits and has been built over the years through the contact between the residents on both sides of the border.

Keywords: Urban Diversity. Oiapoque. Border. Culture. Identity.

Considering the mobility of Brazilian women to French Guiana due to the border condition Oiapoque (Brazil) and Saint-Georges (France) social representations are perceived regarding the body of Brazilian women, their behaviors and actions related to an exacerbated sexuality. The objective of this report is to describe the impacts of social representations that sexualize the bodies of Brazilian women in international mobility. At first, the research was made through bibliographical research based on the theoretical premises of Denise Jodelet and Serge Moscovici on social representations, which also helped and conduced to the methodological orientation for surveying the empirical material. Data collection resulted in the presence of different impacts on these women's mobility experiences, especially situations of prejudice, xenophobia, aggression, and sexual harassment, beyond a stereotyped image, harming social life. From this, it was concluded that the social representations built on the body of Brazilian women can be a vulnerability factor in the context of international mobility.

Keywords: Social representations. Migrant woman. Brazilian women. International mobility. Body.

The construction of knowledge in the classroom can be stimulated in different ways. One of them, with great potential in dealing with local issues, is using mind maps, a methodological tool that considers the perception that each person carries from a phenomenological perspective. Mind maps provide elements of a personal perception but also bring general aspects of a given reality. The present proposal consists of a literary approach to teaching Geography through reading the geographic and border spaces and using social representations to understand these spaces. Moreover, an analysis was also performed on education and the active methods as an alternative to pedagogical practice in the classroom using mind maps as a pedagogical resource in the active method. This study employs as a methodological procedure the application of questionnaires and the production of mind maps and the analytical approach of the data collected by transforming them into information necessary for the consolidation of the work. In conclusion, strategies to apply mind maps were presented and based on examples elaborated by the researcher as well as other didactic resources associated with mind maps. The product of this study is a technical-scientific report with mind maps of educational applicability, with mind maps on several themes that involve limits and borders, in order to be used by Geography teachers of the final years of elementary school and high school. As a collaboration proposal to better develop teaching, mind maps are a methodological tool for the geographic reading of border spaces. This reading is expressed through the language of communication and the spatial organization of society. 

PALAVRA-CHAVE EM INGLÊS
mind maps; methodological tool; border space; teaching-learning

Even with restrictions on the movement of people, social isolation, and lockdown, socialization among Brazilian women living in French Guiana is maintained by technological advancement and the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). This research aims to analyze the sociabilities of Brazilian female migrants in French Guiana, based on their lived experiences and background, through virtual and socio-spatial networks. More specifically, it aims to study the migratory scenario of Brazilian women to French Guiana: to investigate the interfaces between sociability and migration in contemporary times and describe their life stories, from leaving Brazil to their arrival and settlement in French Guiana, in order to map the means of sociability developed by them in that territory. The guiding question is: can the online and offline social interactions of Brazilian female migrants imply reconfigurations of their sociability in French Guiana? From netnography, semi-structured interviews, and research into "communities online" in the social network Facebook, it was possible to discuss and understand a social phenomenon that goes far beyond geographical or territorial spaces, but that also happens through the Internet, in a context of a globalized world, increasingly crossed by the uses of ICTs, which directly affect the female migrants ways of being and existing in society.

KEYWORDS: Borders. Connections. Sociabilities. Brazilian women. French Guiana

Santana is one of 16 counties in the state of Amapá, it is the second largest in terms of population, with around 120,000 inhabitants, and it is stablished in a strategic position for the state, which its boundaries with the French Guiana. After the stateization of Amapá and the consequent municipalization, there was a population expansion accelerated by the growing economic activity, attractive to many who go in search of opportunities. This situation is related to the provision of schooling for young people and adults in the public network, in an education somehow linked to economic interests, since there is a need for qualified labor in the region, and many young people and adults seek Youth and Adult Education (YAE) in the expectation of improvement in life. The question that motivated this report is: how the schooling of youth and adult is seen in public policies in Santana / Amapá, since the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the Guidelines and Bases of Education, GBE law n. 9,394/96, with its effects in favor of the right to education, to have its offer in the municipal network over time and as an educational priority? The objective is to seek to understand the educational trajectory of YAE students, under the phenomenon of public policies for the provision and guarantee of the right to education in the public school system in the municipality of Santana, as well as to analyze the educational legislation that compose it to carry out a case study having as locus the first teaching institution in Santana to offer this type of teaching. The methodology followed the steps of bibliographic survey, data collection in field research, during the case study on the schooling of young people and adults carried out at Amazonas Municipal High School, focusing on the qualitative approach, and it was developed in the three chapters of the report. The result of the work aims to understand the schooling of YAE in the municipality of Santana, and it carries out a proposal for an intervention project for young people and adults, through conversation circles, as a relevant contribution to the social role that Amazonas School, a pioneer school in this modality, plays.

KEY WORDS: Youth and Adult Education (YAE). Public Policies. Municipal schools. Intervention project. Santana.

La frontière entre Amapá et la Guyane Française fait l'objet de plusieurs études réalisées dans une période antérieure à l'ouverture du pont binational sur la rivière Oiapoque en 2017, flux de personnes, de véhicules et de marchandises afin de répondre à la question directrice de cette Bilan : dans quelle mesure le Pont de l’Oyapock a-t-il réellement favorisé l'intégration transfrontalière entre Amapá et la Guyane française? On a supposé qu'après les retards de construction et la nécessité de signer des accords pour faciliter l'accès des Brésiliens au territoire français, son potentiel d'intégration a commencé à être remis en question. Pour cette enquête, des recherches bibliographiques et documentaires ont été menées sur les informations existantes sur le sujet pour retracer un historique des relations bilatérales entre le Brésil et la France depuis la signature de l'Accord-cadre, ainsi que pour analyser le processus de construction du Pont, du processus d'appel d'offres à son inauguration. Des entretiens ont également été menés avec des acteurs politiques impliqués dans cet objet technique, ainsi qu'une collecte de données avec des agences qui agissent dans le contrôle et l'inspection du Pont (Polícia Rodoviária Federal, Polícia Federal e Receita Federal), afin d'identifier comment ces agences agissent. Enfin, nous avons cherché à évaluer les flux de personnes et de marchandises depuis l'ouverture du Pont à partir des données fournies dans cette recherche et également de celles rendues disponibles par le biais d'entretiens. De cela, il a été possible de conclure que l'ouverture du Pont a influencé positivement le nombre d'exportations d'Amapá vers la Guyane française, cependant, en raison de la pandémie de covid-19, depuis 2020 la frontière est fermée, et il n'est pas possible de avoir un mouvement de personnes sur le pont (sauf cas particuliers), ce qui a affecté négativement non seulement le nombre de personnes et de véhicules qui l'empruntaient, mais aussi le commerce local, qui dépend de ce flux constant. Au vu de cela, on peut dire que le Pont assure en partie cette intégration, beaucoup plus tournée vers les enjeux économiques, car si la circulation pourrait bientôt être normalisée, les Brésiliens continueront de souffrir des barrières qu'ils ont pour accéder au territoire français. Ainsi, pour que l'intégration se fasse telle que pensée lors de l'annonce du Pont, en 1997, il faut que ces enjeux soient plus présents dans les agendas locaux, nationaux et internationaux et qu'il y ait des avancées par rapport aux accords visant à fournir les Brésiliens une plus grande facilité à traverser la frontière, comme cela se produit avec les Français qui traversent au Brésil.

Mots-clé: Intégration Transfrontalière. Pont de l’Oyapock. Frontière. Guyane Française. Amapá.

In the Amapá city of Oiapoque, 592 km from the capital Macapá, which borders the international border with French Guiana, there is the presence of the indigenous communities Palikur, Galibi Marworno, Karipuna and Galibi Kalinã, who live between Brazilian indigenous lands and municipalities French, like Macouria and Regina, using the city of Oiapoque as a gateway to both points of reference, and also establishing themselves in it, above all by the search for quality public health, income and education, constituting their life strategies in the urban environment, aiming at stability and better conditions, not fully achieved in the villages. Using ethnographic procedures, such as semi-structured interviews with indigenous residents of the city of Oiapoque, FUNAI public agents in the municipality, indigenous students from the UNIFAP Indigenous Intercultural Degree course, teachers and managers of public schools that receive indigenous students in the city, public agents from health and safety (police) and bibliographic research about indigenous people in the region, for a better understanding of cultural practices, community life in indigenous lands and in the city of Oiapoque, this technical report proposes an analysis of the motivations of indigenous people to settle or remain in constant mobility in urban areas, daily experiences, and how they use sociability networks with institutions and ethnic relatives living in the villages, in addition to the role of ethnic identity, in the process of cultural maintenance and identity, even in urban spaces. From the theoretical contribution and the readings, it is concluded that the existence of networks and their maintenance are preponderant for urban life, because even with the principle of establishment in the city, in the molds that the daily life of the region requires, the mobility between the city and the villages are inextricably linked to the search for basic resources for indigenous life in Oiapoque and the full enjoyment of specific social and ethnic rights of indigenous people in Brazil. The production of the technical report on the urban indigenous and in the urban context of Oiapoque aims to contribute to the discussions on the indigenous presence in cities, especially by proposing discussions about the specificities of cities on international frontiers in the Amazon, a theme hitherto little contemplated by local historiography, and mainly a more detailed discussion about rights and the activation of identity by urban indigenous people and in the urban context of Oiapoque.

PALAVRA-CHAVE EM INGLÊS

Urban indigenous peoples. Urban Context. Oiapoque. Experiences.

The arrival of Venezuelans, non-indigenous, who cross the Brazilian border searching better life conditions, looking for a job, far from the political, economic and social situation in Venezuela, have brought a new discussion around the south-south migration and the dynamics of that new flow of people inside the national territory, particularly in the French-Amapá Border. This report has aimed to analyze the migratory dynamics of the Venezuelans in the French-Amapá border. The research will be accomplished in a qualitative format, using bibliographical, field research, and semi-structured interviews, besides using direct observation of those individuals. An observation of the samples will be accomplished, and those analyses about documented and undocumented Venezuelans will be used in Amapá and French Guiana. It is intended to analyze how they have received some social protection of the state, such as housing, financial and legal assistance, and labor opportunities, as well as on their contact nets. Based on the migratory dynamics of Venezuelans, who have arrived in Brazil or French Guyenne since 2015, looking for humanitarian, social, and work assistance. Ten interviews were accomplished during August 2018 to September 2019 with documented Venezuelans, three in Macapá, two refugees and one Venezuelan who also is Brazilian, and seven in Cayenne, two asylums, two fishermen, and one non-defined status Venezuelan, one medical doctor with residence status, the interviewees were 17 to 70-year range. It was verified that this migratory dynamic of the Venezuelans to Macapá and Cayenne is volunteer, without the direct participation of the state, or of any other interiorization policy, it is mainly male and documented. Except for the interviewees without labor activity, the others are working in the same activity that they used to work in Venezuela. In Oiapoque, a border city, there is no information of Venezuelans living in that city, except the ones who are in transit to head to French Guiana, according to data provided by the local Federal Police Office. Among the Venezuelans, the ones who are working, only one does not intend to return to Venezuela. The others consider returning, just in case, there is a change in the government in the country.



Keywords: French-Amapá Border. Venezuelans. Migratory Dynamics. Work. Family.

SILVA, Diovani Furtado da. The 2008 Bilateral Agreement between Brazil and France against illegal mining: possibilities and challenges. 2020. 111f. Technical Report (Professional Master in Frontier Studies) – Post-graduate Program in Frontier Studies, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, 2020.

Gold mining is a historic activity, closely related the processes of territorial expansion in Brazil. The case of the Guiano-amapaense border, the extraction process of this coveted metal brings with it some contradictions, because at the same time that it heats up the local economy, it causes socio-environmental damage due to the use of heavy metals, such as mercury, which contaminate the waters and the soil, also contributing to the formation of gullies and the cutting down of forests, in addition to the damage caused to the indigenous people. Thus, in 2008, the President of Brazil, Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, and the President of France, Nicolas Sarkozy, signed the Bilateral Brazil-France Agreement for the inspection and repression of illegal gold mining on the border between Amapá and French Guiana . However, more than ten years have passed, clandestine mines in French Guiana continue to exist and, as a result, their effectiveness is questioned. Thus, this technical report is justified in the current political scenario of cross-border cooperation between Brazil and France as an instrument of great relevance that contains information, conclusions and recommendations on the effects of the 2008 Brazil-France Bilateral Agreement to combat the prospecting of illegal gold and all its logistics on the border between the two countries. Thus, the objective is describe the political and institutional context regarding the fight against gold mining on the border between Brazil (Amapá) and France (French Guiana) from the signing of the 2008 Bilateral Agreement. For this purpose, the following procedures are used methodological: a) bibliographic research, with the ideas of frontier, cross-border cooperation, mining and biotechnology as key points; and b) documentary research, taking into account elements related to mining and the 2008 Bilateral Agreement between Brazil and France against illegal mining. As a result, it is expected to point out possible medium and short-term solutions to the consequences arising from the illegal mining act on the Guiano-amapaense border, as it is believed that actions are necessary to reduce the impacts of this activity, safeguarding the generation of jobs and income for workers and theirfamilies.

Keywords: Frontier. Amapá-French Guiana. Franco-Brazilian Cross-Border Cooperation. Gold panning. Environmental Impacts.

This study is an ethnographic research realized in the federal justice court of Laranjal do Jari/AP, taking as background the legal and administrative procedures in which is discussed the possibility of transferring the court to Brasília/DF. During the research some local categories shown up, such as the complexity of borders, the negative characterization of the relation between the justice system and politics, and the different perspectives about the relation between proximity and access to justice. I aimed, in this research, to put under perspective the rituals, practices and the knowledge shared inside the justice system, so I could comprehend that the moral aspect of conflicts, usually misunderstood by the agents of this system, even though it operates in their very own practices as much as in the ones of the other citizens that seek the jurisdiction, subverting, sometimes, the legal institutes in the struggle for recognition.

Keywords: Laranjal do Jari. Border. Recognition. Justice Reorganization.

International migration is a global phenomenon, as are the range of factors that influence the decisionofincreasingnumbersofpeopletomovefromtheirhomecountrytoothers.However, such displacements are not guided solely by migrant decisions, as the states of origin and destination play a decisive role in regulating their borders between those entering and leaving theirterritories.ThisphenomenonalsooccursintheAmazonregion,strategicscenariodivided by several countries, with boundaries marked by some difficult access borders and complex regulation by the competent authorities. Based on the intense migratory flows of Brazilians in theregion(whichformalargecommunityoutsideBrazil),aswellasontheneedtoanalyzethe issue from the perspective of states, as regulatory agents capable of interfering (stimulating or restricting) migrations by Through political decisions based on their legislation, this study proposes a comparative analysis of the migratory policies applied by Brazil, France (French Guiana) and Suriname, both internally and overflowing to the regional level, that is, beyond State borders. To this end, it was initially sought to characterize the countries studied (history, politics, economy and migration policies). Then, French and Surinamese migratory policies werecomparedwiththoseofBrazil,inordertohighlightpointsofconvergenceanddistinction between them. Subsequently, based on comparative methods in social sciences and migratory policies, criteria were used to measure and establish levels of comparison between the three countries on the subject. In addition to the (domestic) policies of the countries, bilateral and multilateralagreementswerealsoanalyzed,aswellasthepointsofconvergenceanddifference of thesemeasures.

Keywords: migratory policies; Amazon; Brazil; French Guiana; Suriname.

Currently, globalization concerns the greatest internal and external integration between national markets. This dynamic resonates in Brazil and in different parts of its territory. Such conjuncture turns transportation logistics into a strategic aspect in the business environment. Especially in places such as Amapá, which seems like a peninsula that connects to the Brazilian territory through aerial and water ways. It is vital to highlight that the industry in Amapá is still of small scale which causes the state to import elaborated goods, this context turns cargo transport into a fundamental activity to local economy. The research question that motivated this work is: How do companies from Amapá perceive transportation logistics in relation to time and cost as a competitive advantage? We aim at understanding how managers of supermarket chains in the cities of Macapá and Santana perceive the choice of cargo transportation to Amapá considering time and cost as a competitive advantage. This is a case study conveyed through bibliographical, documentary, and field research, besides a qualitative approach for data analysis. The result comprises a technical-scientific report. Thus, we observed that in the managers’ perception the most relevant matter concerning cargo transportation and its logistics to Amapá state is in the uncertainty in water modal, which poses a risk of delays in supplying stocks. In relation to time and costs, managers do not consider that such variables impact competitiveness.

Since the 1990s, the border between Brazil and France has undergone significant transformations regarding its socio-political and economic importance due to the creation of new forms of social articulation that changes the referential of this border as a problem space for a space opportunities arising from the changes in the political patterns of development undertaken in this region. In this context, this study aims to analyze the legal and regulatory norms for the export of fish at the Brazilian border with French Guiana (France), as well as the social developments resulting from this economic activity. To do so, the research is based on three axes: 1) Characterization of the fishing sector in the municipality of Oiapoque: activities of movement of agents, agencies and fish; 2) From the fish export networks and the technical survey of the legal and regulatory standards using as a modal flow the binational bridge over the Oiapoque river. 3) Characterization of objects and by-products associated with the social dynamics of fish. The research is qualitative, having as research techniques: a) surveys: bibliographical and documentary research; b) the field work. Through the results of this investigation, the final product of the professional master's degree was a technical report on the fishing activity in this frontier, emphasizing the international trade approach, for its pedagogical applicability in the teaching and learning process in the Integrated Training Center Professional in Fisheries and Aquaculture of Amapá in Cifpa. As a result of the research, from the pragmatic point of view, the fishing activity in the Franco-Brazilian border is still conceived in an overlap and coexistence of formal and informal networks of practices of the actors involved in this region, social interactions that are articulated, and change in the fish trade without being necessarily protected by the power of the Brazilian State. From another point of view, from the state perspective, in order to export fish from Brazil to French Guiana, the company must be submitted to the fulfillment of requirements regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply - MAPA, the regularization with the Brazilian Federal Revenue Service , and must meet the specific health requirements of France and the European Union. In addition, the requirements of the export control documents for fish, related to quality, taxation, inspection and logistic regime concerning the product are also met.

Keywords: Frontier. Export. Fish. Nets.

The central question of the research is to think about the intersection between gender and citizenship in contexts of violence that involve transgender subjects. Transgenderedness will be understood in this dissertation under the terms of Berenice Bento, as an identity experience characterized by conflict with gender norms. It starts from the premise that heterosexuality institutes a binary perception of sexual existences, assuring a symbolic domination that creates a social consensus around the natural character of the genus, that is, defined by the genitalia. The heteronormativity resulting from this condition refers to sexuality in the Brazilian social order, manifesting itself in the heteronormative character of the State, which is expressed in the small volume and non-effectiveness of public policies aimed at protecting the lives of transvestites and transsexuals, whose violence suffered, in the state of Amapá, does not even have official data that allow its dimensioning. From this perspective heteronormativity becomes a frontier that precarizes the access of transgender people to citizenship. The justification of the theme is pressing given the context of extreme violence to which transgender individuals are subjected, especially those who are engaged in street prostitution. The research methodology was initially the focal group, it had to be abandoned due to the difficulty of access to the sources, given the availability of only one of those that would be participants of the group, we chose to study the life trajectory, methodology that allows the analysis of the tissue and social relations established in the city from the history of the life of a single person. For this analysis we used the index method, based on an interpretative practice in the scope of the reduction of the observation scale. As the observed violence does not constitute a public problem for the institutional dimensions of the State, which does not produce systematized data about it, reports produced by non-governmental organizations such as the Grupo Gay of Bahia and Transgender Europe were consulted, safeguarding their indicative character, as they lack the technical refinement required for an academic research. The bibliographical research was done having as a selection criterion the theme of the work, mainly in a theoretical alignment to the slope of transviados studies, in interdisciplinary dialogue with the fields of History, Political Science, Philosophy and Sociology. This dissertation, by proposing a frontier that goes beyond the traditional perspectives of this object, fulfills the proposal of the Post-Graduate Program in Frontier Studies to observe them with heterogeneity and eclecticism, given the cosmopolitanism and existence in the diversity that this object possesses.

Keywords: Gender. Transgender. Transviados studies. Violence. Citizenship.

The Border allows several looks. It is understood as a space of alterity, plural and hybrid. Being on the threshold, inhabiting the frontier exposes the will to incorporate and incorporate into otherness, is the desire to reconcile with the different. Thus, the perspective adopted for the reflections presented here is intersectionality, that is, the overlap or intersection of social identities and related systems of oppression, domination or discrimination. Based on the hypothesis that intersectionality may be relevant in understanding the social experience of migrant women and of the most different social subjects of contemporary times, this research seeks to analyze a triple dimension of the borderline migrant woman-black intersection in the Franco-Amapa Amazon. This research intends to show that migrant women crossing the borders of the Amazon, and consequently of Amapá, also cross different forms of subalternization that intersect in the process of adaptation and survival. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze how the categories (gender, race, class, nationality) are articulated based on the life trajectories of seven migrants, helping to capture the structural and dynamic consequences of these border interactions, besides providing recognition and places of speech to this historically marginalized and silenced collective. From the semi-structured interviews, conducted in Macapá and Oiapoque, in the state of Amapá, with seven migrant women from Guadeloupe, Guinea Bissau, Cameroon, Angola and the Dominican Republic, it was possible to discuss the human aspect of the frontier issue, highlighting the female mobility and how migratory studies can contribute to the struggle against racism in Brazil.

Conflicts in International Relations are addressed by two main approaches: Security and Peace. Conflict through security bias has the threat as the main conceptual axis; on the other hand, the perspective of peace has violence as the main concept. In this way, the research was based on the theoretical bias of Peace Studies based on the concepts of conflict, peace and violence. With searches in secondary sources, that is, in bibliography and in the database searches of conflicts, the research had as object the conflicts in the Region of the Guianas in years 2008-2018. Aiming at analyzing and mapping the existing conflicts the research reached the following results: 31 conflicts in which 22 were registered in Venezuela, 3 in Roraima and 0 in Amapá, 2 in French Guiana, 2 in Suriname and 2 in Guyana. Based on the analyzes collected, it was considered that the conflicts derive from unequal social structures, which conditions to the emergence of structural violence, which ultimately generates negative social peace.